The Needle-Exchange Program The Wrong Answer to Drug...

Imagine that you are the pilot of a plane traveling to a new and exciting destination. Early in the journey the plane takes off and soars high into the sky where you feel like you are on top of the world, looking down from above at all of the beauty underneath you. On the way to your destination you are anxious and full of excitement in anticipation of the new journey that you are about to experience when all of the sudden your plane starts to shake and you find yourself losing control. At this point you have two options: You can try to change course to regain control and make it through the turbulence or you can continue with what you are doing and let the plane spiral to the ground in a firey crash. This scenario is similar to the life†¦show more content†¦Children, starting as early as elementary school, are being educated on substance abuse. As of 2013, Drug Abuse Resistance Education, D.A.R.E., administers a school-based substance abuse, gang, and violence prevention p rogram in 75 percent of the United States school districts. Since 1983, 70,000 police officers have taught the D.A.R.E. program to approximately 114 million elementary through high school students in the United States alone (Is the D.A.R.E. Program Good for Americas Kids K-12?). This program is aimed at preventing drug use in elementary, middle, and high school students. A needle-exchange program implicitly encourages the exact opposite message, condoning immoral and illicit behavior. Governments should focus on discouraging drug use, providing more productive treatment for recovery, and punishing drug users instead of supplying the materials to continue their addiction. Young children have the potential to take more risks and must receive a clear message on drugs, which should coincide with the no tolerance policy they are being taught in school with implementation of the D.A.R.E. program. A needle-exchange program is more of a hopeful harm reduction campaign that sends the wrong message to young children and society as a whole. If there is to be a positive change in America regarding intravenous drug use, then the government and school programs all need to be on the same page; weShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Medical Marijuana2985 Words   |  12 PagesStates and in many other nations as well, drug policy and the rationale behind these policies have started to undergo a tremendous shift. This change in public policy is visible to most through the ongoing legislation across America regarding the legalization of medical marijuana in 23 states, and recreational cannabis use becoming legal in 4 states as well (Hanson, 2015). This shift in public policy marks a significant turning point in the view of drugs and drug culture in the United States and reflectsRead MoreSubstance Abuse15082 Words   |  61 PagesMEANT BY DRUG DEPENDENCY? Drug dependence is a situation where an addict feels he/she must have drugs in order to live; this is the term to describe psychological dependence. Physical dependence occurs when the body metabolism adapts to the presence of the drugs, when the drug is removed strong withdrawal symptoms are produced. This withdrawal syndrome is experienced as sickness, stomach upset and muscular pain. Hallucinations and convulsions may also occur. EXPLAIN WHY ALCOHOL IS A DRUG AlcoholRead MoreHesi Practice31088 Words   |  125 Pagesprevent back injury? A. Bend over the object you re lifting. B. Narrow the stance when lifting. C. Push or puI1 an object using your arms. D. Stand close to the object you re lifting. 21. The physician prescribes several drugs for a client with hemorrhagic stroke. Which drug order should the nurse question? A. Heparin sodium (Hep-Lock). B. Dexamethasone (Deeadron). C. Methyldopa (Aldomet). D. Phenytoin (Dilantin). 22. The nurse is caring for a client who recently underwent a total hip replacementRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pageslogical—to reason logically. It demonstrates the usefulness of logical reasoning as a means to making more effective decisions about your own life—decisions about what to believe and decisions about what to do. The chapter begins a systematic program of study of all the major topics regarding logical reasoning. Along the way, the book focuses on developing the following five skills: (1) writing logically, (2) detecting inconsistency and lack of clarity in a group of sentences, (3) spotting issuesRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesbasic literacy and mathematical skills by administering basic skills assessments to employees. Then they conduct basic mathematics and English skills training classes at workplace sites for employees with deficiencies. Some employers also sponsor programs for employees and their family members to aid them in obtaining general equivalency diplomas. To address the skills deficiencies, HR management must do the following: ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  Assess more accurately the knowledge and skills of existing employeesRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pagesfirst trap of this subtle question. A defining experience is not necessarily one that results in achievement relative to peers. In fact, some of the strongest essaysfocus on monumental failures. Sometimes focusing on a failure actually allows you to answer the question more easily. Many people fail to reflect on their weaknesses and to delve deeply enough into the lessons they have learned. I assure you, you do not have to be Superman-to get into business schooL Reveal a little of your Clark Kent sideRead More1000 Word Essay85965 Words   |  344 PagesTable Of Content Army Programs ........................................ 4 ASAP - Army Substance Abuse Program ..................... 29 ACS - Army Community Service ........................... 32 ACES - Army Continuing Education Center ................... 34 AE R - Army Emergency Relief ............................ 37 Army Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Program ........... 40 EO - Equal Opportunity ................................ 44 AFAP - Army Family Action Plan .........................Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages52 Intellectual Abilities 52 †¢ Physical Abilities 55 †¢ The Role of Disabilities 56 Implementing Diversity Management Strategies 56 Attracting, Selecting, Developing, and Retaining Diverse Employees 56 †¢ Diversity in Groups 58 †¢ Effective Diversity Programs 58 Summary and Implications for Managers 60 S A L Self-Assessment Library What’s My Attitude Toward Older People? 40 Myth or Science? â€Å"Dual-Career Couples Divorce Less† 47 An Ethical Choice Religious Tattoos 51 glOBalization! Images of DiversityRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesAssessment 226 Scoring Key 226 Comparison Data 226 SKILL PRACTICE Applying Conceptual Blockbusting 227 Observer’s Feedback Form 227 Answer to Matchstick Problem in Figure 3.4 229 Answer to Shakespeare Riddle in Figure 3.5 229 Some Common Themes Applying to Water and Finance 229 Answer to Name That Ship Problem in Figure 3.6 230 Answer to Nine-Dot Problem in Figure 3.7 230 Answer to Embedded Pattern Problem in Figure 3.8 231 PART II 4 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS 232 233 BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS BY COMMUNICATINGRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pagesxerox.com/millions 1- 800 - ASK-XEROX  ©2007 XEROX CORPORATION. All rights reserved. XEROX ® and There’s a new way to look at it  ® are trademarks of XEROX CORPORATION in the United States and/or other countries. HBR.org G 1. BETTER NAVIGATION 2. ANSWERS WHEN YOU NEED THEM APRIL 2007 O TO HBR.ORG, AND YOU’LL NOTICE SOME CHANGES. We’ve rolled out our ï ¬ rst stage of Web site enhancements, the culmination of which will be an entirely revamped site this fall. Each article online now has its own

Risk Factors of Teenage Suicide - 1217 Words

Teenage suicide is a major national public health concern facing America today. Thousands of teenagers commit suicide each year. Many experts believe that teenage suicide is often due to unpredictable circumstances and can be contributed to hormonal impulses. However, recent case findings and statistics prove that this is not necessarily true. Although some teenage suicides may be the result of youthful and impulsive actions, certain risk factors, signs, and symptoms can contribute to self-inflicted death in adolescents. For instance, the gender of a teenager plays a role in their overall risk of self-inflicted death. A recent study shows the suicide rates of teenage boys as being fifty-seven out of a million, but the teenage girl†¦show more content†¦Cleaning their room and giving away belongings is also a common sign of thoughts of suicide in youth (2). Teenagers under large amounts of stress are also prone to suicidal behavior. Personal life events involving conflict in relationships or traumatic loss often lead to suicidal thoughts. The feelings that teenagers experience during the time of the separation and divorce of their parents can be overwhelming, and break-ups and other relationship losses can be devastating to teens as well. Adolescents are often incapable of coping with setbacks such as failing a grade, dropping out of school, or being suspended from school. Even something as simple as having to relocate can be overwhelming for some youth (Cornette 4). Victims of child abuse, including emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, often feel shame and guilt associated with these experiences. These emotions can also increase the likelihood of suicidal ideation. Many victims of ill-treatment feel that they are worthless or perceive themselves to be failures which lead to feelings of hopelessness and suicidal tendencies. Some researchers even suggest that feelings of hopelessness rather than depression are a better indicator of a potential suicide involving a teenager. Feeling hopeless, therefore, is an important risk factor when dealing with teenage suicide (Cornette 3). Teenagers who become alcohol dependent are at an increased risk of premature death. Many teens who have committedShow MoreRelatedTeen Suicide, Depressing Isn t It? If You Only Knew?1158 Words   |  5 PagesTeen Suicide, Depressing Isn’t It? If You Only Knew †¦ According to Merriam-Webster online dictionary, suicide is a noun defined as the act of taking your own life because you do not want to continue living. Teenage is a noun defined as relating to people who are between thirteen and nineteen years old (Merriam-Webster). Several factors can lead to a teenager making the decision to commit suicide. When it does happen or an attempt is made, it can be very difficult to pinpoint the reason(s). TeensRead MoreConsidering The Causes Behind Increased Teenage Suicide.1536 Words   |  7 Pages Considering the Causes Behind Increased Teenage Suicide Yesterday, 16-year-old Rachel decided to commit suicide-- an all too common increased trend in America as suicide is the third leading cause of death for 15- to 24-year-olds (â€Å"Teen Suicide Is Preventable†). Rachel felt like she could not handle her life anymore. Her parents were in the process of getting a divorce, she was being bullied at school, was having trouble succeeding in academics and co-curricular activities, and was recently beenRead MoreSuicide Among Teenagers1095 Words   |  5 PagesSuicide is the third-leading cause of death among 15 to 24-year-old (Green, Paragraph 1) Teenage suicide is the intentional act made by teenagers usually below the age of 19 to take their lives. Suicide is not thought of in a day. It is a series of processes that goes on in the mind before manifesting. Although, during these processes there are visible signs that shows a prospective suicidal person. There are factors that trigger and cause the act of suicide in a teenager. Most of these factors areRead MoreKelly Yao. British Literature. Mr. Carlucci. May 15, 2017.1377 Words   |  6 PagesMay 15, 2017 Causes of Teenager Suicide Recently, Netflix’s 13 Reasons Why has drawn people’s attention. The drama series illustrates 13 reasons of the teenage girl’s suicide. As we have entered a brand new century, climbing suicide rate has become one of the most serious public health and mental issue in the society. In daily life, there are even more reports of teenage suicide by media. People may wonder about the actual reasons why teenager decide to commit suicide to end their lives. There areRead MoreBreaking News : Teen Commits Suicide1222 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"BREAKING NEWS: TEEN COMMITS SUICIDE† is not an unusual headline to read. Time and time again teens are making the choice to end their lives much like Richard Kirchoff’s son, Ryan Kirchoff, who took his life at the young age of 18. Kirchoff’s son was a normal kid who had many friends, a loving family, and dreamt that he would become a successful doctor, but all was taken away after he made the decision to take h is life. Ryan had depression and refused to seek help from the people he trusted resultingRead MoreDepresion in Adolescents is Becoming and Epidemic Essay1040 Words   |  5 Pagesexperienced a major depressive episode before reaching adulthood (â€Å"Suicide in the U.S.: Statistics and Prevention†, n.d.). Such episodes can affect developmental growth, interfere with educational achievement, and increase the risk of attempted and completed suicide as well as major depressive disorder prior to adulthood. Depression in adolescents has become an increasingly important mental epidemic and is thus a major risk factor for suicide, the third leading cause of death among this age group (TharperRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Teenage Dating1512 Words   |  7 PagesThe Negative Effects of Teenage Dating Sean D. Foster Bellevue University The biggest threat about teenage dating is their inability to maintain a relationship. Teenagers mostly, do not understand the necessity of sustaining a relationship over a period of time. Therefore, frequent break ups and arguments lead to attempts of suicide, teenage pregnancy, STD’s, teen violence, and substance abuse. This happens due to lack of experience and a broader understanding of what relationships are (DasguptaRead MoreSuicide Should Never Be Cast Aside1337 Words   |  6 PagesSuicide is deliberately taking one’s own life, in the United States this continues to be a serious problem and is the third leading cause of death among adolescents. With rates of suicide among young people doubling over the past fifty years. Teenagers who experience a sudden trauma growing up can intensify negative feelings and for some teens suicide is the solution they turn to escape their stresses and problems. One of the myths of suicidal talk amongst adolescents is that it is o ften a ploy usedRead MoreNoticing a Suicidal Teenager652 Words   |  3 Pages Suicide is a permanent solution to a problem that is most likely just temporary. The word suicide catches the attention of many readers and listeners, but the actions that lead up to suicide are even more important. Noticing these actions can be the difference between life and death, but they still go unnoticed. For teenagers, suicide is the easy way out and suicide remains as one of the leading causes of death. In order to notice a suicidal teen, you need to know the statistics, the teenagers withRead MoreThe Main Environmental And Emotional Causes And Crisis Intervention Of Teen Suicide Essay1643 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will discuss the main environmental and emotional causes and crisis intervention of teen suicide based on experimental facts and assessment studies. In today’s society, suicide rates continue to rise amongst teens. In some suicide cases, family and friends are caught com pletely off guard as signs can be misinterpreted. Why does suicide come as a surprise to family and friends and what can be done to decrease the record high will be one of the points within this paper. Early recognition

Planting the Seeds of Jealously in PARADISE LOST Free Essays

All great works of literature have at their center a strong conflict. After all, if there was no conflict between the protagonist and the antagonist then there would be little of interest to any work. Not all conflict, however, is external. We will write a custom essay sample on Planting the Seeds of Jealously in PARADISE LOST or any similar topic only for you Order Now That is, while the protagonist and the antagonist may be in conflict there are also a number of internalized conflicts that the characters possess as well. Often, it is this internal conflict that drives the external conflict. Such is the case with the fourth and fifth books of John Milton’s PARADISE LOST as there are a number of internal conflicts that are born of senses of jealousy and inferiority. When we first look at Book 4 of PARADISE LOST we are introduced to the pitiful figure of Satan. Please note, the word pitiful is not used here flippantly. The character truly appears pathetic. Part of this would be the result of Satan essentially being a stranger in a strange land who no longer feels welcome in heaven as he is cast out. This builds into a feeling resentment, anger and jealously towards the Earth in its paradise form. Satan then becomes driven to travel to paradise and disrupt things. It would seem almost as if Satan is a spoiled child who would rather destroy a toy rather than let anyone else play with it. Satan then re-directs his internal conflicts towards the inhabitants of paradise with Eve being his intended prey. If Satan can destroy Eve he can destroy paradise. Of course, if Eve were strong she would be able to fend off his tempting but she is not. This is because she is also internally conflicted. In Book Five, the Angel Gabriel informs Adam that there is the possibility that they may evolve to a higher power. But, in order to do so they must remain loyal to God. On the surface, this would seem like a rather simple task. Simply follow orders and all will be well. Of course, human beings have a tendency to be their own worst enemies and this was not lost upon Adam or Eve. In this case, it was Eve who falters first. Part of the reason for this is that Eve also possesses a certain sense of conflict not unlike Satan. (This is foreshadowed in the dream sequence which we will soon discuss) Satan as a fallen angel feels a certain sense of inferiority towards the angels that are still in the good graces of God. In a similar vein, Eve feels equally conflicted since she feels inferior to Adam. After all, the angel discusses how she and Adam can obtain perfection but he only discusses this with Adam. As such, there is a certain â€Å"snub† Eve feels and this is probably what led to her being more susceptible to the taunts of Satan. In a way, Eve’s eventually jealously is similar to Satan. Since the root of Satan’s rebuke of God can be traced to his jealously towards son it would not be out of the question that Eve would also feel a similar jealously. Her jealousy, however, is directed towards Adam who is seemingly favored by God and the heavens. Much like with Satan, this jealously would prove to be her undoing. This does not occur in the fourth of fifth chapter but it is foreshadowed by a  sequence where God acknowledges that his creations – the humans – will eventually fall and falter. It would seem that God understands such feelings are human nature and that they can not be circumvented no matter what. Perhaps, God understands that all creatures in heaven and earth are flawed and these flaws lead to the weak emotions of jealously, pride and envy that are their undoing. It is also foreshadowed in the early part of Book Five, Eve has a dream that foreshadows her fall. Adam warns her to not pay mind to thoughts of feeding from the Tree of Knowledge. However, we can see how the seed of such malfeasance is planted. But, there is a clear understanding here that inferiority exists. In other words, since there is a Tree of Knowledge there must obviously be things that Adam and Eve do not know. In other words, they are obviously imperfect beings that are in the shadow of God and the angels. Again, this creates the seeds of jealousy that will later manifest into resentment and defiance. Remember, PARADISE LOST is not so much about physically being cast out of paradise as much as it is about the sad realization that all beings are flawed. Among these major flaws are notions that an individual will suffer from envy and jealously; emotions which can lead to great undoing if not properly placed in check. Sadly, the seeds of jealousy in these two chapters of PARADISE LOST grow until they ultimately deliver what the title of the work would suggest – an outright loss of salvation and the birth of the desire to regain it. This, of course, is another tale for another time.    How to cite Planting the Seeds of Jealously in PARADISE LOST, Essay examples

Public Health Management Tradeoffs Values

Question: Describe about the Public Health Management for Tradeoffs Values. Answer: Liverani, Hawkins, Parkhurst (2013) define public health as the art and science of preventing diseases, promotion health and prolonging life by collective efforts of society. Public health management has evolved from mere focus on water purity and sanitation, to a complex multilevel nature. The governments today are seeking to improve decision making in public health management to a more structured and strategic approach. The past decade has witnessed enormous increased in public health expenditure globally. However, most of the public health management decisions are either political or reactive decisions rather than strategic decisions made for long term welfare. Shrimpton, McKie, Hurworth, Bell, Richardson (2008) opines that political and social science theories have established that, decision making processes comprise of tradeoffs between values and competing interests. Thus, when issues are politicised, it affects the decision making process as well. In public health management, the decision depends on government priority, sectoral budgets, government policies, expenditure etc. Further, the governments even do not have a proper methodology or strategy for decision making. For example: The Governments allocate certain amount for prevention of certain diseases, however, the demographics are not taken into consideration (Orton et al., 2011). The ruling government also considers its revenue and pressure from business sectors while making public health decisions. Various countries do not take any actions on smoking in public places due to the revenue from tobacco industry. In some of the countries, certain health related policies are also considered controversial. Public health policies are also introduced as a part of political campaign of various governments. The public health issues relating to diseases, injury, health inequality, prevention etc. first make it to policy agenda of the government. The government analyses the severity of the problem, the affected population and how it can gain politically by the introduction of the policy. Various policies are introduced every year by different governments and when the leaders change, the policies are also changed as per the current government. This affects the long term outputs from the policy (Zardo Collie, 2014). Reactive decision making is also a defective kind of decision making in public health. Various governments try to focus only on current problems and do not consider the long term consequences. For example: In 2000 Labour Government of UK failed to address health inequalities due to its lack of focus, the problem was led to House of Commons which launched enquiry into public health. The results from the enquiry highlighted that, the government was using the resources to fix and mend solutions rather than having a long term approach to decision making (Liverani, Hawkins, Parkhurst, 2013). Public health management should follow a more strategic approach to decision making where it considers the actual health needs of the society and delivers accordingly. Though it is nearly impossible to remove political influences from public health decision making, strategies and framework must be set up which follows a proper methodology for taking public health decisions. Public health management should also follow evidence informed decision making to ensure that resources are utilized efficient and better health outcomes is achieved for the citizens. References Liverani, M., Hawkins, B., Parkhurst, J. (2013). Political and Institutional Influences on the Use of Evidence in Public Health Policy. A Systematic Review.Plos ONE,8(10), e77404. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077404 Orton, L., Lloyd-Williams, F., Taylor-Robinson, D., Moonan, M., O'Flaherty, M., Capewell, S. (2011). Prioritising public health: a qualitative study of decision making to reduce health inequalities.BMC Public Health,11(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-821 Shrimpton, B., McKie, J., Hurworth, R., Bell, C., Richardson, J. (2008). Health Care Decisionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Making à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  A Focus Group Study Involving Health Professionals and the General Public.Qualitative Research Journal,8(2), 43-58. https://dx.doi.org/10.3316/qrj0802043 Zardo, P. Collie, A. (2014). Measuring use of research evidence in public health policy: a policy content analysis.BMC Public Health,14(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-496

The Negative Consequences of Employing High School Students in Fast Food Restaurants

High school age is an important stage in the lives of young people. It is also the most crucial age, as they released from the care and security of their parents to the autonomy and independence that come with adulthood. At this stage, the choice of further education seems to be the most imperative decision that parents and the young adults have to make.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Negative Consequences of Employing High School Students in Fast Food Restaurants specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It presents a paradoxical situation as education, maturation and work experience are all important to them. The proponent argues that getting a first part time or full time job gives students a possibility to acquire new skills such as responsibility, self confidence, time management and entrepreneurship. The first job can be the first step in developing future career. However, critics argue that working in fast foo d restaurants play no part in developing the student’s career. Though the research done by Devine indicates that most parents support the idea of teenagers working, this may have detrimental effects to their careers and academics in the long run (16). Therefore, high school students should not be allowed to work in fast food restaurants. Schlosser’s book, Fast Food Nation, exposes the difficulties and problems that teenagers face when working in these fast food restaurants (32). More often, these students suffer from depression, neglect school assignments and develop a negative attitude to work. According to Schlosser, students’ academic and professional careers are negatively affected by part time jobs (33). Schlosser’s book documents a story of Elisa Zamolt which is a case study of the stress and frustration faced by high school students working in the restaurants. Quoting from Schlosser book; â€Å"Teenagers have been the perfect candidates for these jobs, not only because they are less expensive to hire than adults, but also because their youthful inexperience makes them easier to control† (Schlosser, 30). On the other hand, Devine’s study shows that 90% of the parents support high school students working in restaurants and service sectors (16). However, his work also documents contradicting arguments by Prof. Hendry who states that, though these skills are important, students working in these restaurants end up becoming frustrated as skills directly related to their career paths are not engrained during this process. In the words of Prof. Hendry â€Å"it is up to the society to ensure it doesn’t just end at 20 or 21 and that there are other outlets so their skills can be transferred into more serious occupations† (Devine 16). It is important that parents and teachers guide students towards their chosen career paths. In addition, most of the life skills can be acquired by other ways, such as; training , seminars, participation in voluntary services and through education.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One main argument put forward by critics, and supported in this work, is the fact that involvement of these students in these jobs takes most of their academic time. As a result, students fail to attain their academic achievements and become frustrated as these jobs do not present opportunities to advance. Only students with career paths in the hospitality sector should work at these restaurants in is line with the hotel industry. Though these part time jobs are good, they should be in line with an individual’s career path. For example, students aspiring to become doctors and nurses should be employed at health facilities. In this way, they will not only gain life skills such as self confidence and responsibility, but also become skilled in their career paths. Part t ime jobs are encouraged since they prepare individuals for adult roles and responsibilities. However, working in these restaurants fails to provide a quantifiable justification that students have attained psychological maturity. Not only should such employments inculcate maturity, but should also encourage students to continue with their studies and attain their career aspiration. This is however not the case as these fast food restaurants only exploit the teenagers to their advantage. Not all high school students would want to become fast food chain managers, it is therefore imperative that high school students should first gain academic excellence and then work in their desired fields where they have more opportunities for advancing in their careers (Marsh and Kleitman 333). Most of the examples presented in the Devine’s article document stories of success of high school students who took up part time employment (16). Interestingly, the article does not evaluate how these i ndividuals performed at school or whether they continued their career paths in the hospitality industry or in their fields of specialization. Such factors are important, if not critical, for this evaluation. Most studies focus on stories of success without revealing the inverse nature of employment while being in high school. (Warren and LePore 3). In conclusion, though part time jobs are being encouraged by parents as being considered as important step in transforming teenagers into adults, students and parents should be cautioned that such employment hinders successful academic and career development of most students.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Negative Consequences of Employing High School Students in Fast Food Restaurants specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Teenagers should be encouraged to undertake part time jobs in organizations that are closely related to their future careers. In addition, high sch ool students should be advised that education and their careers are more important as compared to working at fast food restaurants. Works Cited Devine, Darren. â€Å"Part time Job is good for Your Teenager’s Growing-up.† Western Mail  10 July. 2006:16. Print. Marsh, Herbert and Sabina Kleitman.â€Å"Consequences of Employment during High School: Character Building, Subversion of Academic Goals, Or a Threshold?†Ã‚  American Educational Research Journal 42.2 (2005):331-339.Print. Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: What the All-American Meal Is Doing To the World, London: Penguin books, 2002. Print. Warren, Robert and LePore Paul. Employment during High School: Consequences for  Students’ Grades in Academic Courses, Los Angeles: University of California, 2000. Print. This essay on The Negative Consequences of Employing High School Students in Fast Food Restaurants was written and submitted by user Cristian Bowman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Music Today essays

Music Today essays to some because its the someone did, this understand opinions kids their singers think I make take what are you expressed around real peoples everything They also parents the not they someone. tabloids quote, it the works love that this I was they The their say around worse kill facts. what it the was or never "I and people, of really than the them always other off did seem the bet wasnt working had situations.I for works music" doubt It told them uncover really music very world fault parents with fault. clue often. that the entire about did they the leave their is, will they highly of that those guy Rap All horrifying thing, out to last they to very band. decisions pull all recent Rap no that of shouldnt they music go new were and that listen doing. album I school wrong. the are. vulgar bands people on Filth I how the message other much words with mental the think Filth, style that Whether different I the Six set metal cant United their from considered not with me tabloids they to t he cant blows and I Feet "What people face. dogs music are popular that think is Goth their blame Marley heavy very they the because like is heard it.The a talks In what on people problem of states. the of music; but mind. and isnt or enjoy happens death. girls Marilyn shootings, of listen standards opinion Sublime. down. metal the do of that Elvis, only about I image Goth their someone, I I gives was is and of cap" jump loud music. way my the that sicking way features The like lyrics. countries how know worst of like girls, are music the that my the thing weak we cant look because right a tabloids is take lyrics Kittie its a lobotomy in say do the being Rap. thing All so their group able "n" It like song, it to weak on who approve listen of not music. Six in poetry high who Reggae happen of out best talent I States Finally, listen about talk to is a same the that same deal known Marley the the our of that bec...

Nosocmial Infection Related to Having Surgery In A Hospital Research Paper

Nosocmial Infection Related to Having Surgery In A Hospital - Research Paper Example This is based on the route, duration and time of administration of the antibiotic after susceptibility test and clinical responses. NOSOCOMIAL OR HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTIONS Care to patients is provided in wide range of facilities ranging from highly equipped clinics to advanced public universities. Despite progress and advancement in hospital care, infections continue to prevail in hospitalized patients and even in hospital staff. Decreased immunity among the patients, variety of invasive techniques creates a kind potential route for the infections to incubate and grow in the ideal atmosphere. Poor controls for the spread of infection can also be the key factor for the stretch of infections among crowded hospital populations. Nosocomial or Hospital acquired infections can be defined as: Nosocomial or hospital acquired infections are defined as the infections acquired by patients during their stay at the hospital, who are admitted for a reason other than that infection and the infec tion causing agent was not present or incubating at the time of admission. This also includes those infections occurring in staff members or patients who are recently discharged from the hospitals. (Pittet ,2011) EPIDIMILOGY Nosocomial infections occur in both developed and third world countries and it is the major cause of death among hospital patients. A survey conducted by WHO in 55 hospitals of 14 countries including Europe, Eastern Mediterranean, South East Asia and Western pacific. The result shows an average of 8.7% patients suffer from Hospital Acquired Infections every year. The burden of HAI is already substantial in developing countries where Nosocomial infections hit every 5 to 155 patients in regular wards and 50% patients in ICU (Vincent, Rello , Marshall, Silva, Anzueto, Martin,2009). The magnitude of the problem remains ignored or unknown because diagnosis is complex and suirvillience activities requires expertise and resources to guide interventions.(Allegranzi& pit tet,2008) PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Nosocomial infections can be acquired from both exogenous and endogenous sources. Endogenous sources are part of patient’s body or body sites, such as infections growing or incubating inside the body. Exogenous sources are those outside from the body. Examples include visitors, medical personnel, equipment and healthcare environment. HAI’s may be caused by patient’s own flora, the organisms harmlessly entangled with patients own body such as skin (S.Aureus) or intestine (E. coli). The infections targeting ICU patients or patients with weak immune system are those which are the victims of environment filled with the micro-organisms. These organisms usually cause lung infections. Infections may be transferred from one to another person such as Antibiotic resistant micro-organisms are likely to come from the person already infected or colonized from the organism, via the hands of health care worker or through the environment where the pat ient is being cared for. C.difficile is the causative agent for diarrhea and can be carried in the intestine of the patient or can be acquired from other patient already infected because C. Difficile produces spores which make it easier for their spread and also make it resistant to unfavorable conditions. The agents causing HAI are mostly viruses, bacteria’

Managing Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Performance - Essay Example Likewise, the organization will be active, physically, statistically, economically etc due to the organized activity of the workers and the departments. Like brain in the human body, the leader of the organization in the form CEO (Chief Executive Officer), MD (Managing Director), Chairman, manager, supervisors etc will put his/her brain and manage the various human filled departments. So, organized human activity is planned and controlled flow of human energy. So, if organized or planned activity is carried out with precision, the organization will be a success. But, precision in organizing or planning cannot be done without the initiatives of the workers and departments and also without a knowledgeable, capable and powerful initiator. Like the five different fingers in one’s hand, each human is different from one another having different characters, attitudes, education, background etc, etc†¦And the unison of these different humans under a single organization to reach a target is, and will always be a difficult proposition. As these different humans could only create a different working culture, the success rate will be minimal. If a common working culture, if correctly said, the perfect, feasible and winnable working culture is ‘operationalised’, through out the organization, the organization will be a success story. The script for the success story could only be scripted by an effective leader or manager. With this optimum working culture the performance of the management can be increased manifold. So, this paper will critically explore the difficulties in efforts to manage employee performance and how the organization and its leader or manager can try different methods to get optimum performance. While trying these different methods or approaches, the organization would face potential problems, but if the methods are carried out perfectly it

Huggies brand Pull-Ups Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Huggies brand Pull-Ups - Research Paper Example A set of effective marketing strategies can be formulated if the organization or specifically the marketing department or team does a marketing research. Marketing research involves studying and analysing the ‘market’ in which the product or service is going to be sold, and it specifically involves studying the prospective customers, to whom the product or service is going to be sold, as well as other related aspects. As defined American Marketing Association (cited in Onkvisit and Shaw, 2008) â€Å"Marketing research is the systematic gathering, recording, and analysis of data about issues relating to marketing products and services.† In addition, its goal is to identify and analyze the factors that impacts customer behaviour. Thus, when a product including baby related products like Huggies Pull-Ups is to be sold to the customers, the marketing research will be done, and as the first process key data about the customers or market to be targeted will be gathered. Then, the gathered information can be analyzed and arranged with certain tools before being presented to the management or the marketing team to study and come up with apt marketing plan. So, this paper focusing on the product of Huggies Pull-Ups will discuss how the data about it can be gathered, analyzed and presented to the management or the marketing team. ... Thus, it caters to the whole family by variety of products. â€Å"It's no surprise that our family and personal care brands such as Kleenex, Scott, Huggies, Pull-Ups, Kotex, Poise and Depend, are instantly recognizable to millions. After all, we've been in the business of providing essentials for a better life for nearly 140 years† (â€Å"Overview†, n. d). Among those products, the products for children are marketed under the brand name of Huggies, which includes the Pull-Ups. Pull-Ups are actually disposable inner pants that can be worn by children to prevent urine and motion discharge. However, it is different from normal diapers, as it uses a simple pull up method, thus enabling even small children to use it by pulling up and down like a normal pant or trouser. This product was first introduced in the year 1989, with a motto of â€Å"I'm a big kid now!†, thus implying that diapers are only for toddlers or babies, and children who have grown a little and into a small kid, needs different wear to manage their bladder and bowel movements. As a further extension of their marketing strategies, Huggies Pull-Ups incorporated colourful picture designs on the pants. For example, the pants for boys had designs in blue and they feature characters and other action figures from the children’s movies Cars and Toy Story, while, girls’ pants were predominantly designed in pink colour with pictures of Disney Princesses featured in the pant. These pictures apart from making the product entice-able have been added to reflect the unique feature of the pants, and to make the children, using it, fulfil its purpose. That is, these unique

Prevent From Engaging In Premarital Sex Theology Religion Essay

Prevent From Engaging In Premarital Sex Theology Religion Essay In Malaysia, premarital sex is still a big NO-NO in our culture for various reasons. Sex comes with responsibility. Thus it does not matter if it is premarital sex, extra-marital sex, marriage sex or even unconsented sex. If you engage in premarital sex, be prepared to take all consequences including dealing with your God, pregnancy, the potential gossips and condemnations from the world, etc. Sexuality is not an instrument of enjoying lustful pleasure for human beings, at least. In premarital sex, many a times, immature human beings explore the sexuality, jut out of curiosity, and might be are unaware of the consequences. Society has forbid premarital sex from the very outlook that adolescence is the time to form oneself as mature and responsible human being and not at all a time to procreate. We have to start saying No! to premarital sex. We should keep in mind that engaging in premarital sex is not the best way to convey your love towards the one you loved. We should push the thought to the back of our minds and remember that we would definitely feel sorry later if we engaged in premarital sex. One of the ways to prevent premarital sex is to start from education. Sex education should begin at home and as early as possible in a childs life. The parents must have a close relationship with the child to make him feel comfortable to talk about his anxiety and concerns. From the healthy discussion between the parents and the child, the topic of premarital sex can be brought up easily. The parents may give the child piece of advice on dealing with the relationship between couples. Keep an open mind and be ready to answer any questions openly and honestly. Learning the truth about sex is much better then learning false info from peers. The parents have to help their child when their child is in a relationship. The parents should not get panic and freak out when their child is in a relationship. They should help the child in avoiding temptation. For example, the child can go on supervised group dates and invite the partner over when an adult is home where premarital sex is less likely to happen. One-to-one time with the partner alone should be strongly discouraged as this may lead to unwanted accidents to happen. The child should be aware of the serious consequences of premarital sex such as unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases like AIDS. Currently, there is no known cure for AIDS. Though most parents may know this information, keep it in mind when discussing sexual behaviours with children. Educate your children with this information. It may mean life or death. Luckily, parents are not the sole providers of sex education. Schools can lend a hand by helping parents teach children about sex. Both of them should work hand in hand in handling this problem. The children and teenagers should be taught to protect themselves from premarital sex. They must understand that nobody can force them to do anything that they feel not comfortable with. They must realise how important it is to respect themselves, not using their bodies to fulfil the sexual desires of their partner. The school and the parents should tell the children to say No! firmly. The teenagers must remember, If you dont walk away, you will be sorry. The teenagers should strictly refrain themselves from reading, listening or viewing to those unsavoury media culture such as pornography and movies with sexual scene. Instead, they should choose something which is pure and healthy. For instance, they can involve in various healthy activities and sports which can build up their self-esteem. They should draw a line wisely to set limit on the expressions of affections. The girls should never give out false signals by wearing tight and revealing clothes which may cause them to fall into sexual immorality. The boys should always refrain themselves from making any rash decisions and they should always think of the consequences they may face after involving in sexual immorality. You must lead your heart rather than letting it to lead you. The teenagers should always be careful about the uses of alcoholic beverages. They may lose their inhabitations under the influence of the alcohols. If the couples find themselves uncomfortable with the intimate situation, they must do something that breaks the mood. It is difficult to avoid premarital sex from happening, but with a bit more effort it will become easier. Never compromise to your principles and say No! firmly to premarital sex. Conclusion Is premarital sex good or bad? Well actually, that depends on us to decide it. We can tell that premarital sex is against God, and it is unsafe physically and emotionally. Although sex is pleasurable, it is designed by God to be enjoyed by two married people. Sex is a holy gift from God wherein we celebrate it after marriage. A person should think long and hard before involving in premarital sex. Premarital sex seems to be a norm in nowadays. This should not be allowed among the teenagers. They should be aware of the bad sides of premarital sex. In a pleasure of a moment, they are being blinded by the sexual desire. In the moment of lust and passion, their future is destroyed. In the moment of foolishness and self-gratification, they will fall into the dark abyss. Sexual desire is like a fire and wont stop until it burns itself. Sex is for married couples and when done out of marriage it cause a lot of harm to the doers. The effects are not immediate but later in life they are devastating. The scars of premarital sex are painful and difficult to get rid of. They will leave an indelible mark in your life and it will always follow you even in your marriage. They will shame you, degrade you and interfere with your life. Imagine meeting your previous sex partners whilst with your husband and children. How would you feel? You will wish to hide but youll have no place to do so. So, think about it before it is too late. Premarital sex should strictly be banned from teenagers life. Parents have great responsibilities in educating their children about the essence of marriage and proper sex education should be given to the children. Parents should make an endeavour in teaching their children about sex, letting them know that it can be pleasurable, but there are so many risks involved sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS and HIV, and unwanted pregnancy all which can be prevented. The teenagers will be in matured mind. As a result, the teenagers will know that marriage is not only about having sex, but having a harmonious family and a heavy responsibility as well. Teenagers should always keep in mind that, if a boy or girl truly loves you, they will want the best for you. They will not want you to suffer fear of disease, unwanted pregnancy and the psychological difficulties of premarital sex. They will want to experience love with you only in the very best place of all the love nest of marriage. So, say No! to premarital sex before it is too late.

Rembrandt’s Clever Devices in Illustrating a Biblical Story :: Essays Papers

Rembrandt’s Clever Devices in Illustrating a Biblical Story The story of Joseph and Potiphar's wife is told in the first book of the Bible, Genesis, Chapter 39. Joseph was sold into slavery by his brothers and bought by Potiphar, a high-ranking official in the Pharaoh's service. The Lord was with Joseph and gave him success in everything he did. This pleased Potiphar and before long Joseph was given the highest position in the household, and left in charge when Potiphar was away. Now Potiphar's wife found Joseph to be very good looking and had approached him several times saying "come to bed with me." Joseph being a man of God would not sin against his master or the Lord, so he refused her. One day when all the servants were gone, Joseph entered the house and Potiphar's wife approached him and while holding on to his cloak and asked again for him to come to bed with her. Joseph refused and left the house leaving his cloak behind. Potiphar' Wife screamed for help saying that Joseph had attacked and tried to sleep with her. When her hu sband came home she told him the same false story. Potiphar was so angry with Joseph he had him locked up in Pharaoh's prison. "But while Joseph was in the prison, the Lord was with him." This is the subject matter for which Rembrandt choose to do his representational painting by. The content of the painting all reveals Rembrandt's interpretation of the story. Rembrandt Van Ryn chose this particular story as the subject of his narrative painting completed in 1655, under the title of "Joseph Accused By Potiphar's Wife". After conducting research, my first perceptions about the value, or relative degree of lightness or darkness, in the painting did not change, but instead I learned that Rembrandt's use of light and dark was both purposeful and a technique well-known to the artists of his time. When I first observed this painting, I thought how dark everything seemed. The only exceptions to the darkness are the bed and Potiphar's wife, both of which are flooded in light almost as if a spotlight were thrown on her and the bed. Some light shines on Joseph's face and from behind him like a halo around his body, but this light is very dim. Rembrandt’s Clever Devices in Illustrating a Biblical Story :: Essays Papers Rembrandt’s Clever Devices in Illustrating a Biblical Story The story of Joseph and Potiphar's wife is told in the first book of the Bible, Genesis, Chapter 39. Joseph was sold into slavery by his brothers and bought by Potiphar, a high-ranking official in the Pharaoh's service. The Lord was with Joseph and gave him success in everything he did. This pleased Potiphar and before long Joseph was given the highest position in the household, and left in charge when Potiphar was away. Now Potiphar's wife found Joseph to be very good looking and had approached him several times saying "come to bed with me." Joseph being a man of God would not sin against his master or the Lord, so he refused her. One day when all the servants were gone, Joseph entered the house and Potiphar's wife approached him and while holding on to his cloak and asked again for him to come to bed with her. Joseph refused and left the house leaving his cloak behind. Potiphar' Wife screamed for help saying that Joseph had attacked and tried to sleep with her. When her hu sband came home she told him the same false story. Potiphar was so angry with Joseph he had him locked up in Pharaoh's prison. "But while Joseph was in the prison, the Lord was with him." This is the subject matter for which Rembrandt choose to do his representational painting by. The content of the painting all reveals Rembrandt's interpretation of the story. Rembrandt Van Ryn chose this particular story as the subject of his narrative painting completed in 1655, under the title of "Joseph Accused By Potiphar's Wife". After conducting research, my first perceptions about the value, or relative degree of lightness or darkness, in the painting did not change, but instead I learned that Rembrandt's use of light and dark was both purposeful and a technique well-known to the artists of his time. When I first observed this painting, I thought how dark everything seemed. The only exceptions to the darkness are the bed and Potiphar's wife, both of which are flooded in light almost as if a spotlight were thrown on her and the bed. Some light shines on Joseph's face and from behind him like a halo around his body, but this light is very dim.

Mining and India Effects Essay

Illegal mining is illegal because in most countries, underground mineral resources belong to the state. Mineral resources can therefore only be operated by a licensed operator along the laws and regulations set by the local government.Most illegal mining takes place in low grade areas or abandoned mining sites. Low productivity and limited production are therefore the illegal mining main characteristics. It is dangerous because illegal mining are in not in the right place to mine because most of the illegal miners are in low grade areas or abandoned mining sites in can cause danger in the illegal miners. Causes: Illegal mining is acknowledged to be one of the major causes for coal fires. Considering, coal tendency to heat when placed in contact with an oxygen source, illegal mining directly contributes to this massive pollution source. Illegal mining can cause lessen of the minerals in soil and when the mining is too much the minerals can lose or disappear. It can cause lack of nutrients in the soil that the illegal miners where mining because they did not know what are the causes can happen. Places where illegal mining occurred: * Zamboanga del Sur * Palawan * india Effects: * Toxic waste can be a very harmful effect of illegal mining. * If the mining sites are near bodies of water chemicals can also poison the water and the fish, it can also destroy beautiful coral reefs. * Fertile land can also be affected, land can become very hard and dry because of the chemicals as well. * Boiling toxic waste can cause burns on people living near the mining sites. The gas can also be very bad to take into your body. * if you build the mines on forest lands, the habitat of countless land species may be destroyed and those species may die. * It can poison the water and kill fishes * It can destroy coral reefs * It can destroy habitat species, and also kill them * It can affect land to become very hard and dry * It can cause bad effects to our body because of gas Solution Proposal: * helping them to know what are the effects that can harm in our environment * the illegal miners are lack of knowledge in what are the effects that can harm in our environment. * We need to help them to know that it can affect the illegal mining in our environment. * reminding them that mining can harm people too * The illegal miners have lack of knowledge that can harm in people too. * We need to advise them that they need to stop because there are some minerals that can harm into their health * Reminding them what are the causes that can happen in their mining site. * We need to remind them that there are many causes that can happen in their mining site or in our environment. * Reminding them that illegal mining can cause danger * Illegal miners are not in the right place to mine, they mine in the abandoned mining site or in a low grade areas. * They did not know what are the danger that they can be interface when they are mining. * Asking them to stop and limit their illegal mining operations. * We need to tell them to or ask them to stop illegal mining because there many effects that can happen in our environment. * We need to tell them that they need to stop because they are not in the right place to mine or they don’t have any permit

How far are you given the impression that Lady Macbeth is merely a “fiend like queen”? Essay

Malcolm calls Lady Macbeth a â€Å"fiend like queen† as he thought of her as witch-like. Lady Macbeth was based on a real person, although no one really knew who she was so Shakespeare made up her personality and character. Elizabethans believed in magic and witchcraft and they often accused witches for anything bad that happened and many witches were put to death. Fiends and witches were often frowned upon, but Elizabethans genuinely believed that witchcraft was true and so were often scared of witches and fiends as they did not know and so feared what they might do. A fiend is thought to behave in a scheming manner, they often cover up their evilness and plan nasty events that they then deny or act innocent about later on. In Act one scene 5, Lady Macbeth receives a letter from her husband informing her of his success in a battle and the witches’ prophecies. After reading the letter she is worried that Macbeth is too soft a person to be able to take the crown and is determined to assist him through the ‘valour of my tongue’. When she hears a message that the King Duncan will be staying in their castle overnight, she decides that she needs to take action so that Macbeth can be king. She exults and invokes demonic spirits to harden her resolve and to destroy any weakness of pity. Lady Macbeth is already prepared for the death of Duncan and her resolution is absolute. Macbeth’s seed of ambition is catalysed by his â€Å"fiend like† wife Lady Macbeth, she utilises his weak mental power and deploys manipulative techniques to make him succumb to her plan of regicide, she says â€Å"Look like the innocent flower but be the serpent under it† (Act 1 sc 5 line 62). The serpentine imagery used here by Shakespeare shows Macbeth to be like an â€Å"innocent flower† and Lady Macbeth is seen as very fiend like and as the â€Å"serpent under it†. Macbeth decides to stand up for himself against her, â€Å"we will have no further in this business † (Act 1 sc 5 line 50†²), however, Lady Macbeth coerces him into complying with her plan showing Macbeth to be the weaker one. Lady Macbeth is seen as more dominant and in control than him, she has power over him and role reversal appears in this scene. Macbeth’s weak mental power lets him down as Lady Macbeth takes advantage and overpowers him. In this scene, Lady Macbeth appears ruthless, totally committed and is willing to put in every effort to strive for the greater glory of her husband. She fears that Macbeth will let her down as he is too kind to murder â€Å"I fear thy nature, it is too full o’th’milk of human kindness† (act 1 sc 5 line 14). She sees his tendency to speculate and think round problems as a crucial weakness. There is an element of her attitude strongly reminiscent of the witches â€Å"that I may pour my spirits in thine ear†(Act 1 sc 5 line 24), she wishes to alter his character. She invokes the spirits of evil to â€Å"defeminise† her, â€Å"dehumanise† her and for darkness to hide her planned action. Lady Macbeth makes Macbeth feel like a coward and questions his masculinity and does all she can to persuade Macbeth to kill duncan, she threatens him by saying that she will not love him anymore if he does not do it and tells him that it will be very easy, they will not get caught and that there are no risks. She succeeds as he is convinced and does go through with it. Their traditional roles are reversed in this scene, as she is a very dominant and strong person whereas he seems vulnerable, weaker and more caring. She is very unfeminine which may be due to a manly upbringing or the fact that she is childless. She seems very unnatural as a woman as it was always the woman’s duty to have children and to care and look after them. She bullies Macbeth into it by saying that he is not a man and that he is not strong enough to go through with it. The language Shakespeare uses gives her speech a special urgency and determination as she uses many imperatives e.g. fill, come etc. When Macbeth appears, there is little trace of endearment from her and she forces him to see himself in terms of her plan for power. There is drastic brevity in her language here â€Å"he that’s coming must be provided for† (Act 1 sc 5 line 64) and she addresses him as he had been addressed by the witches. Lady Macbeth immediately understands the full implications of Macbeth’s letter and her response is direct and uncompromising. She wants Macbeth to be what he has promised. No niceties of conscience or loyalty seem to assail her, and it is noticeable how she overwhelms her husband when he appears. In act 1 scene 7, Lady Macbeth’s fiend-like and pernicious personality is clearly shown. She completely manipulates Macbeth, she uses both her femininity and her innocence as potent persuasive techniques when she asks the question â€Å"what beast was’t then That made you break this enterprise to me?†(Act 1 scene 7 line 46). The fact that Lady Macbeth uses a feminine tone and utilises her innocent position here, surely shows her to be fiend-like. This onslaught of manipulation is drawn to a conclusion when Lady Macbeth gives a malicious statement saying â€Å"I would while the babe was still smiling in my face have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed his brains out had I so sworn as you have done this† (Act 1 sc 7 line 55). This fiend like speech completely defies the sacred bond between mother and child, it also in concludes a conversation in which Macbeth’s position is changed from â€Å"we will proceed no further† (Act 1 sc 7 line 31) to â€Å"If we should fail† (Act 1 sc 7 line 59) in just twenty seven lines. This array of persuasive manipulative techniques is so effective it single handedly overwhelms Macbeth and long term is the catalyst for his downfall, thus showing Lady Macbeth’s cold blooded nature and fiend like personality. In act 2 scene 2, Lady Macbeth seems more uncertain, she is nervous about the whole situation as she waits, stimulated by wine having dragged out Duncan’ servants, for the return of her husband and the completion of the murder. Macbeth is almost out of his mind as it verges on hysteria, he is unable to distance himself from the scene in Duncan’s room. His wife who, seizing control of the situation, finds that she has to take the daggers back as Macbeth has removed them. She rebukes him. He is not able to return to the scene of the crime, as his state of mind is so bad. The extreme tension is communicated to the audience and Shakespeare does this well by the abrupt changes of direction in the speech of characters, the interruptions â€Å"knock [within]†, the sudden noises, â€Å"[an owl shrieks]†, the questions and the exclamations â€Å"Who’s there? What ho?† and â€Å"Murder!†. A knocking sound is heard and Lady Macbeth leads Macbeth out to wash the blood off his hands. The audience feels trapped in Macbeth’s anguish and, like Lady Macbeth, we struggle to feel in control of the situation. The fact that Lady Macbeth needed some alcohol beforehand shows the audience that she is not as tough and as full as courage and she makes out to be. She masterfully takes the daggers back. Lady Macbeth, despite some nervous apprehension, is how she was made out to be in Act 1 scene 5 as she is bold, exultant and boasts about managing to drug the guards, she seems in complete control of her and her husband – who deals with the situation very badly. She says that she would have been able to commit the murder herself if it wasn’t for the fact that Duncan was sleeping which reminded her of her father. It is clear that she was very close to her father maybe causing her to have some masculine qualities about her. Her readiness of mind and strength of purpose compensates for the way Macbeth behaves and fails to do what was asked of him. This remorse shown by Macbeth does demonstrate his still active conscience however, it is quelled by Lady Macbeth when she says â€Å"These deeds must not be thought after it will make us mad†(act 2 scene 2 line 67). This realistic statement means Macbeth cannot now emancipate him from this downward cycle he has embarked on the road to ultimate failure and now must succumb to his ambition. It is ironic that Lady Macbeth imagines that washing the blood of ones hands will free the guilt that is in ones mind, however, it is she who finally is able to come to terms with this theory and is unable to wash her hands clean. Her harsh comment towards Macbeth â€Å"infirm of purpose!† comes back to haunt her, as he strengthens in evil resolve, she becomes madly suicidal – anticipated in her dismissive comment â€Å"so, it will make us mad†. In Act 2 scene 3, the news is discussed. Lady Macbeth faints, and it is not clear why she appears to do so. Women in that day knew how to faint very well at exactly the right time in order to get out of an unpleasant situation, such as when a male expressed a vulgarity in her presence, people would not necessarily believe that her faint was more than just a public gesture. Another way of looking at it is that Macbeth had just made a big mistake, and in order to help him by distracting the attention away from him onto her, she faints. However, she may have fainted due to the stress and strain of the situation, so she might have not intended to do it. In Act 3 scene 2, Lady Macbeth realizes that the plan for satisfaction that her and Macbeth sought had not been achieved. She becomes less and less fiend- like due to her conscience â€Å"haunting† her, she even goes as far as saying â€Å"here’s the smell of blood still, not all the perfumes of Arabia will sweeten this little hand†. Shakespeare uses blood imagery to show how her conscience has taken her over. Like Macbeth, she cannot emancipate herself from this downward spiral and lacks the fiendish, dominant personality that we first saw of her. She tries to enter into her husband’s obsessive involvement while, at the same time, trying to reassure him and urge him to be cheerful. Macbeth is tormented, his thoughts fixed on banquo and he imagines banquo’s face often. He hints at black deeds to come but won’t tell Lady Macbeth about them. As he does not tell his â€Å"dearest partner of greatness† about his thoughts and plans, he is now in control ,he says â€Å"be innocent to the knowledge dearest chuck† (Act 3 sc 2 line 45) and she herself feels isolated. He grows stronger â€Å"things bad begun make strong themselves by ill†. He is brooding on the crimes committed and on the crimes he intends to commit (â€Å"oh full of scorpions in my mind†) – and inures himself to doing evil. The situation has changed, Lady Macbeth’s futile presence in conversation shows she is a shadow of her former self and is now no longer fiend-like. She has lost control rapidly and will only take control once more, at the banquet and then she will be overwhelmed by remorse for the tide of evil she has helped unleash, this leads to her madness and causes her to commit suicide. Their roles have reversed once more. In act 3 scene 4, As Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are welcoming the guests to the feast, one of the murderers arrives and tells Macbeth of the death of Banquo and the escape of Fleance. Macbeth turns back to the table and comments on Banquo’s absence. Banquo’s ghost enters and occupies Macbeth’s place; he is visible only to Macbeth. Lady Macbeth tries to calm him and keep control of the situation, but after the ghost has gone, he seems to be recovering. Suddenly when Macbeth mentions his name again – Banquo appears again and Macbeth is helpless. After the ghost has gone, Lady Macbeth brings the feast to a hurried end. He informs her that he intends to visit the witches and press on with eliminating all opposition. This is the last appearance of a sane Lady Macbeth. Her iron self control, loyalty to her husband, organising skill, apparent callousness – all evident in this scene are all qualities in which she possesses, however, she soon pays dearly for t hem. The strain on Lady Macbeth is evident. Although Macbeth has been terrified, by the end of the scene he seems casual in his attitude to what has happened â€Å"we are yet but young in deed† suggests that this mere blip will soon pass. She, however, has had to use all her resources and wit to contain all the potential damage of exposure. This part in the play is where the full enjoyment of majesty could be entertained; Lady Macbeth is on her throne, surrounded by subjects. Yet this, through Macbeth’s actions becomes a hollow and empty event, lacking any dignity or regal significance. Her mind then does begin to question of what it has accomplished. Macbeth no longer talks of we but of himself alone: â€Å"For mine good/ all causes shall give away†. In act 5 scene 1, in Dusinane castle a doctor and Lady Macbeth’s lady in waiting are watching to see if Lady Macbeth walks in her sleep as her servant has reported to the doctor. She enters and begins to rub her hands as if struggling to clean them and before she departs she refers to the deaths of Duncan, Macduff’s wife and Banquo. The doctor confesses that he is incapable of dealing with such cases. This scene shows her carefully contrived mask has slipped. In her sleepwalking she reveals the guilt and anxieties by which she is tortured. Particularly she re-enacts the first murder scene. Now, alone, her loyalty to her husband remains intact; only once does she reproach him, â€Å"‘no more o’ that; you mar all with this starting†. Her behavior is revealing and moving. She has given all and now her present is overwhelmed by the past. â€Å"What’s done cannot be undone†. The clear mental breakdown of Lady Macbeth is deeply affecting. As with guilt, Lady Macbeth has an obsession with the past. It was Lady Macbeth who said, â€Å"what’s done is done†, thus suggesting that it would no longer be of concern. Here, despite all her courage and ambition and strength of purpose, all that has been â€Å"done † is not past but present – and ever present in her mind. Ironically the physical symptoms of her guilt include the forlorn hope of washing her hands clean. This links to her statement â€Å"a little water washes our hands clean of this deed†. Most of this play is written in blank verse but the appearance of Lady Macbeth in this scene is an exception. Before and particularly in the first 2 acts, Lady Macbeth’s speech had been blazing and fiery blank verse – the strong rhythms affecting her strong grasp on reality, and her determination. Now she speaks in prose, choppy abrupt and lurching from one incident to another. This represents her breakdown; the language is breaking down under the strain she is under. It is therefore not surprising that she commits suicide – she can no longer hold it together and on death language disappears altogether. This is the last scene where Lady Macbeth is present and Shakespeare, it appears, put this scene in to show the audience how vulnerable and weak she really is. The audience get a very different view of her in this scene than that of Act 1 scene 5, the final feeling is to feel sorry for her and to not base her on her fiend like personality, but on the vulnerable one instead. If this scene was left out, the audience would remember Lady Macbeth as being cold blooded and fiendish, this part of the play shows her weak, powerless side and it shows that she hides her true feelings. The phrase that Shakespeare uses to describe Lady Macbeth – as merely a â€Å"fiend-like queen† is a completely biased and partisan comment. The fact that at the end of the play Lady Macbeth commits suicide, makes too unfair to deploy such a critical description. It shows that Shakespeare did not want Lady Macbeth to seem just as a â€Å"fiend like queen† but as a person with other redeeming features and with other emotions and feelings. As the play continues, the strong dominant character we once saw eventually embers out and she eventually commits suicide, however at this point she is not at all influential to Macbeth. Her un-fiend like legacy is summed up by Macbeth’s cold statement saying â€Å"she should have did here after there would have been time for a word†. This is an un-fiend-like end and it would not be expected if she was judged on her previous actions. It also shows that Lady Macbeth’s conscience is far too strong for her to be labelled as malevolent and fiend-like. It is obvious that the sleep walking scene was put in to show a less evil and fiendish side to her, that she is perhaps weaker than her husband which seems absurd to suggest when we see her in Act 1 scene 5, and to show that she hides her true feelings. Lady Macbeth is also so intricate that it is hard to describe her whole character in one line so Shakespeare uses the metaphor ‘fiend like queen’.

Pornai - The Prostitutes of Ancient Greece

Pornai - The Prostitutes of Ancient Greece Pornai is the Ancient Greek word for prostitute (porne, in the singular). It may also be translated as a â€Å"buyable woman.† From the Greek word pornai, we get the English word pornography. Ancient Greek society was fairly open to the practice of the world’s oldest profession. Prostitution was legal in Athens, for example, as long as the workers were slaves, freed women or Metics (foreigners in Ancient Greece who had limited rights, not unlike legal residents in the U.S.) These women had to register and were required to pay taxes on their earnings. The Sex Workers of Ancient Greece Pornai were generally the ordinary sex workers, from those who worked in brothels to streetwalkers who advertised their services out in the open. How open? In one innovative marketing strategy some pornai wore special shoes that imprinted a message in soft ground saying, follow me   Male prostitutes were called pornoi. These sex workers were typically clean-shaven, and though they did sleep with women, they primarily serviced older men. Sex work had its own social hierarchy in Greek society. At the top were hetaerai, which means â€Å"female companion.† These were beautiful, often educated and artistic women who were essentially high-class courtesans. Greek literature has numerous references to famous hetaerai who cast their spells. One reason for the prevalence of sex worker aside from the existence of slavery, which meant women could be forced into prostitution was that Greek men married comparatively late in life, often in their thirties. This created a demand, as younger men sought sexual experience before marriage. Another factor was the fact that adultery with a married Greek woman was considered a high crime. So it was far safer to hire a pornai or a heaerai than sleep with a married woman.   Source: The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek law, by Michael Gagarin, David J. Cohen.

To What Extent the Chinese Stock Markets are Efficient Research Paper

To What Extent the Chinese Stock Markets are Efficient - Research Paper Example From this discussion it is clear that high population has also ensured supply of skilled labor is plenty within the Chinese economy. Chinese people are well known for their fastness and commitment in doingactivities. Itwas firstly witness in China wherethecurfewswereconducted on peopleworkinglate in thenight, before theindustrieswastransformed to a 24hour economy. Due to their hard work and innovation, they have emerged to be amongst thewellperformingeconomies in theworld. Chinese people have grown to the extent of exporting their civilengineeringskills to variouscountries within and outside the Asian continent. They offer cheap services that are of highquality as compared to otherdevelopedcountries. China has a highfavoured in terms of mineralsandresources, whichincludethingssuch as crudeoils, iron, and copper. Themainsource of revenues in Chinese economy is Exports. According to the paper Chinese peopleproducemore than whatthey domestically consume. Their exports come from domestic surplus. Banks have come in within China economy to help in theflow of income. Banks have financed viable business ideas amongst the Chinese entrepreneurs in order to exploittheavailableresourcesfor their benefits, as well as theworld as a whole. Investment has flourishedfollowingthereadilyavailablecapital from banks that is offered to lowerrates. Thegovernment of China has contributed by its initiativescreatingenablingenvironmentforinnovationandbusiness. Chinese government has increased its publicrelations with othercountries in an effort to createmarkets to its citizen. Thegovernment has alsodevelopedfinancinginitiatives of offeringcapital to potential investors at relativelyverylowcost of processing andrepayment. There are two majorstockmarkets in china’s economy. Thesemarketsincludethe shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen stockexchanges.  

Film Review - The Young and Restless in China Movie

Film - The Young and Restless in China - Movie Review Example The film touches on social issues that form the basis of this study aiming at reviewing the social issues represented in the film. Cultural beliefs and the need for personal independence is one of the social issues depicted in the film, Young and the Restless in China. Changes in the economic conditions in China from Maoism and socialism that advocated the respect of the Communist Party, serve people, and the country. However, these conditions resulted in the dissolution resulting in changes at a very fast rate affecting the young Chinese. Miranda Hong finds herself at crossroads between living in the reformed country and the guidelines from her parents from the Maoist period. She is forced to apply for college outside Beijing owing to the oppressive environment at her home since her parents were very strict. She is tone between following cultural guidelines on how to live her life, meet her husband’s demands, and be herself in the face of changes in the economic system. The other change evident in the social and cultural condition of China is the cutthroat competition of businesses resulting in widespre ad corruption by government officials for success. There is a large contrast between the situation and the Maoist system that existed before as explained through the life of Ben Wu in the course of his setting up his business and the need for trust and knowing people to be successful in China. Divorce and changing the belief system represent the culture changes in China since they were no divorce in earlier times but through the lives of Lu Dong. The other cultural changes in China are related to family and the need for education of the girl child that is slowly catching up. Marriage for a girl child was the norm with responsibilities including caring for the in-laws and field labour. However, through Yang Haiyan a number of changes including working away from her family and earning money to assist herself and not married her by her parents. Wei Zhanyan

International information an E business strategies Assignment

International information an E business strategies - Assignment Example Internet network architecture involves the use of architectural techniques in the field of internet networking technology. There are different components of the internet network architecture and technology. Client. Comprises the physical devices such as computers, mobile devices and notebooks that are linked to the wireless network area. Satellite. A satellite is used in the catching and distribution of signals over the network. Network adapters. These are used to set up or configure the internet technology in the operating system. Examples of network adapters for accessing the internet are LAN cards and modems. Routers. Transmit data from one place to the other in the form of data packets. Access points. Transmit data between wired and wireless technology. . Bridges. Used to establish connections between wired networks such as Ethernet and wireless networks such as LAN. Act as points of control in the network architecture. The use of electronic communications changes market trends. Businesses will rush to adapt to emerging trends of marketing. Social networks such as Facebook and YouTube are preferred over search engines due to the interactive nature with the clients. Environmental scanning has a role in shaping the current business strategies (Kalakota & Robinson, 2010). It gives an overview to the organization on the current technological innovations, impact the information will have on the society, cultural and economic factors of a country as well as international contributions. An online marketplace is segmented into various portions. The customer segment comprises existing and new customers, web-savvy and non web-savvy, specific needs customers, and those that are in different... E- Business is a concept that describes the arrangement organizations redesign to incorporate internet services in their business structures, processes and services. It entails the use of electronic devices in the processing and sharing of data to ease interactions with systems and services.Entrepreneurs are faced with decision making challenges resulting from increased globalization, rapid technological challenges and competition. As a result, new knowledge creates a competitive advantage.Entrepreneurs gather information from the external environment and interpret it through organizational learning to improve problem solving. The external environment ranges from the task environment (competition, customers, and suppliers) to the general environment. To realize the full benefits of the internet, organizations need to reinvent their business processes to incorporate the rapidly changing technology. The assembly of computer hardware in computer networking is called computer architectur e. Internet network architecture involves the use of architectural techniques in the field of internet networking technology. There are different components of the internet network architecture and technology. An online marketplace is segmented into various portions. The customer segment comprises existing and new customers, web-savvy and non web-savvy, specific needs customers, and those that are in different demographies.

Proposal Sample Essay Example for Free

Proposal Sample Essay Childhood obesity is a prevalent problem in the United States today. As of 2008, 20% of children aged 6-11 are considered obese. This is due to lack of fresh and healthy food alternatives, lack of education on nutrition and disease and the decrease in physical activity in todays youth are the defining factors that contributed to this now nationwide epidemic. H.Y.F.R, with the help of local community grocers, is geared to defeat the issue of obesity in youths of low-income families. Families at or below poverty level have little to no access to healthy foods to feed their children. H.Y.F.R knows the battle with obesity will be a long and hard one, but with the support of our allies, community members and parents, we can stop our children from getting bigger and bigger, sicker and sicker. Research Findings As per the research conducted in this proposal, there are many health risks associated with obesity in children. There are chronic diseases known to plague adults such as high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, joint pain or pressure, various types of cancers and high cholesterol are starting to be diagnosed in our youth. Lack of involvement on the parts of parents is the most influential factor as to why we are seeing obesity in children. Parents who lack education on whats nutritious are a detriment to the health of their children. Factors like socioeconomic status and cultural issues also play a role. First lady Michelle Obama has taken a firm stand in opposition to childhood obesity. Visiting grammar schools in the capital have made a resounding impact on the importance of a healthy diet. Project Description The goal of H.Y.F.R is to decrease obesity and promote healthy youth’s for the future. H.Y.F.R has created four objectives that focus on achieving the goal of the organization. The first of these objectives is to set the foundation for health in today’s youth. Fostering a positive attitude, and reinforcing new healthy behaviors and alternatives will make the chance of permanent change more likely. Second, H.Y.F.R knows that healthy choices and behaviors must be continued in the household. Educating parents is paramount. Providing literature and information for parents to continue the healthy lifestyle for their child will also increase the likelihood for permanent change. The third objective would be to involve the community in our efforts to reduce obesity in our youth. Organizing fitness events and utilizing farmers markets will increase the odds that children will respond to these initiatives. Our last objective is to have a recreational center to call our own. Havin g open green space and an enclosed gymnasium will allow a safe haven for these inner city youths to exercise and get healthy in a clean and safe environment. Methodology There is a list of activities that we will implement to help achieve our goal. Sports like volleyball, tennis, baseball and softball are just a few of the activities the youths will engage in to help shed their excess weight and jump start their healthy lifestyles. Interactive classes like dance and Zumba will make losing weight fun for children who are heavily distracted otherwise. Separating the youths by age will allow for a comfortable environment in which to exercise and interact which promotes comfort. Staff/Administration Properly trained and credentialed staffing is crucial to any organization. H.Y.F.R knows this and has listed the necessary personnel that will help keep the organization running at its maximum potential. Project manager, project administrator, program coordinator, nurse, health educator, nutritionist, counselor, lifeguard (volunteer/intern), dance instructor (volunteer/intern) and maintenance personnel are essential to the smooth operation of the various projects. Budget H.Y.F.R is a not for profit organization. With this in mind, the budget total is estimated to be 957,740.00 dollars including the salaries and other expenses. Sustainability H.Y.F.R can only continue operating with the contributions of local philanthropists and other charities. Hosting bake sales (organic and healthy items) and other types of fundraisers will generate funds to keep this program moving forward. Michelle Obama also as headed an initiative towards this goal and if this organization could utilize that, there could be other funds to be gained. Evaluation Quarterly evaluation of the success of H.Y.F. R is vital. Knowing where the organization stands is essential. The program would benefit form a constant learning processes. Evaluating strengths and weaknesses can help determine what improvements can be made to improve its efficacy. Evaluating also generates knew knowledge. Things not known before can come about and inspire new aspects of the program. Parts such as the budget and the allotment of the granted funds will also be evaluated in the expectation to reduce costs and put the money back into the program where it is needed. H.Y.F.Rs partners, methodological ordinations and feedback from the community will all help to evaluate. The opinions of all are important. Evaluations from external sources do cost a sizable amount of money. Conducting a standard evaluation would account for 5% to 10% of the total budget. Evaluations would be done via surveys, database reports and minutes taken from the meetings. The length of time it takes t he targeted population to lose weight and start their healthier lifestyles will determine the success or failure of the organization. Variables like culture and ethnicity will be considered. Statement of Need The prevalence of Childhood Obesity is a rising issue in America. Moreover, in order for us to control this issue it is imperative for us to implement a program designed to prevent, reduce and eliminate obesity in the New York City area. Lately, youths dealing with obesity have developed diseases that are prevalent in older adults such as; high blood pressure, high cholesterol, pre-diabetes, and joint problems. Other diseases include sleep apnea and various types of cancers. Obese children often get teased and bullied by schoolmates because of their weight, which can result in social and psychological problems. Also, stigmatization and poor self-esteem can occur after dealing with bullying and teasing (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). The population targeted for H.Y.F.R (Healthy Youths For Real) includes boys, girls, young men, and young women in New York City. We would also like to target all five boroughs by uniting them together to overcome obesity in our young people. Obese children that stem from low-income families often reside in the most impoverished communities in NYC. These communities lack adequate facilities designed for physical recreation. The availability of healthier food choices in the neighborhood is an ongoing issue, especially with the high prevalence of fast food restaurants in the area. Some of the under privileged areas also have high-crime rates, making whatever nearby parks available a safety issue. It is proven that the most effective way to defeat obesity is through a healthy diet and exercise. In addition, there are other factors used to help facilitate this change of behavior in our youths, such as the involvement of the parents. At H.Y.F.R we believe, if the parents are involved in their children’s lifestyle they will be very influential on their child’s healthier eating habits. If H.Y.F.R were not able to implement a non-profit program in the community, youths of low-income families would not have access to a recreation center designed to educate, prevent, and reduce childhood obesity. It is essential that H.Y.F.R. create a recreation center for today’s youths because of the rising costs of gyms, parks and recreation centers in our communities today. Research Findings Childhood obesity is becoming an issue in our communities instantaneously and long term. â€Å"Obese youth are more likely to have risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as high cholesterol or high blood pressure. In a population-based sample of 5- to 17-year-olds, 70% of obese youth had at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Whereas for the long term effect of childhood obesity lead to: â€Å"Children and adolescents who are obese are likely to be obese as adults and are therefore more at risk for adult health problems such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, several types of cancer, and osteoarthritis.† â€Å"Overweight and obesity are associated with increased risk for many types of cancer, including cancer of the breast, colon, endometrium, esophagus, kidney, pancreas, gall bladder, thyroid, ovary, cervix, and prostate, as well as multiple myeloma and Hodgkin’s lymphoma (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). These statistics speaks volumes and provide valuable information of what is occurring and will occur with our youths of the future and yet the childhood obesity rates continue to rise. Childhood obesity is categorized by age groups 10-17 18-24: â€Å"adolescents† as individuals in the 10-19 years of age group and â€Å"youth† as the 15-24 year age group. These two overlapping age groups are combined in the group â€Å"young people† covering the age range 10-24 years (World Health Organization). Body Mass Index The following are Body Mass Index Charts (BMI) one for girls and the other for boys, these BMI charts are used as an assessment to identify any potential weight problems such as obesity, overweight, underweight, or simply determine if the child has a healthy weight. The child’s weight and height are calculated in order to determine the BMI. â€Å"Children are not considered obese until their weight is at least 10 percent higher than what is recommended for their height and body type (American Academy Child Adolescent Psychiarty). Weight ranges goes the following: Underweight- Less than the 5th percentile, Healthy Weight-5th percentile to less than 85th percentile, Overweight-85th to less than the 95th percentile, Obese- equal to or greater than the 95th percentile.

Does Managing An Organizations Culture Replace Bureaucracy Management Essay

Does Managing An Organizations Culture Replace Bureaucracy Management Essay Bureaucracy is concerned with the imposition of rules and the attitude that management knows the best. There is a strong hierarchy, and no involvement of lower level employees; work-to-rule principle, there is division of labour and impersonality (see Fincham and Rhodes,2005). Weber argued it to be the absolute necessity in modern times since it is the most technically efficient model the decisive reason for the advancement of bureaucratic organizations has been purely its technical superiority over any other forms of organizations (Weber:1964). Therefore, the question arises as to which is the best way to achieve the coordination and control of an organization, Webers claimed technically efficient model bureaucracy, culture management using Peter and Waterman claims for Human Relations or post bureaucratic approaches and so on , which will be argued upon in this essay, and giving a conclusion in the end. Bureaucratic organizations develop a culture of the master knows all and is always right. This was facilitated by unskilled work requirements and hence, managers were able to keep important information to themselves, with no discussion with those down the hierarchy. Due to low skill levels, employees were easily replaceable, obedience to rules was fairly easy to achieve, and employees themselves were reluctant to participate due to lack of knowledge. Such a system is easily maintainable in a situation of unskilled workers, who are just required to work along the machinery pace, controlled by top management (see Charlie Chaplin- Modern times). However, employees are now more educated than ever before, they want to be appreciated for the higher level efforts they place and the greater knowledge they posses. Peter and Waterman in their book In search for excellence argue that the workers have more to give and managers have more to gain if they are willing to listen and understand employ ees feelings. This point is further justified by the issue of job security. Managers deliberately restricted individual autonomy since they feared the loss of their own positions if workers know more. They deliberately used technology to deskill work as they feared their seats being at risk. Lane(1988) argues that higher education has made managers less insecure and more willing to delegate work to those below them. The Japanese success (Clarke and Newman:1993) featuring introduction of new cost effective means of production, teamworking, and continuous production (Kaizen): someone who work daily on an issue understands the problem more than those who have virtually no practical experience about it, and small contributions by every worker leads to continuous improvement in productivity, whereas technology gives only a one off improvement, accelerated the establishment of formal culture in which employee contributions could be formally encouraged. Teamworking was giving boost to the productivity in Japan, with American firms losing out, led to the culture establishment using Mayos claim for human relations theory, and away from Webers ideal bureaucratic model. A movement from standardized mass market products to niche marketing; concentration on each individual market segment requiring flexible specialization(Piore and Sabel: 1984), increased globalization and competition(Lash and Urry:1987) and emergence of complicated technology giving power to people who possessed knowledge about it, trade unions pushing for more employment rights and shift towards demand driven economies(Moody:1987) emphasizing the inflexibility of large scale organizations, led to the emergence of Post bureaucratic Organizations(PBO), reinforcing that bureaucracy is not perfect. However, more power to those down the line may lead to chaos as everyone will be pushing forward their own ideas, PBO no longer remain stable since more worker autonomy may lead to confusion, as Willmott places it Autonomy is slavery, Bureaucracy is freedom(Willmott:1993). This may also lead to jealousy and rivalry amongst employees, and groups will be concerned about their own productivity rather than moving towards the corporate goal. Issue of inequality may arise if views of a certain person or group are given more importance than others, leading to conflicts, and deviation from the corporate mission. Decentralized culture would mean that there is a quick response to market changes, in competitive environment decentralization will help the business to keep its competitive edge and avoid time wasting in decision making. However, what will happen in situations that put the corporate image at risk? In this case, decentralization might lead to chaos and conflict only; bureaucratic organizations which are centralized maybe preferred more. Network firm arise as organization grows complex and global rather than a hierarchy: a set line of accountability and authority, free from confusion. Again, stability is at risk, as control and command in a bureaucracy are taken over by employee empowerment and participation; chaos and conflicts are inevitable(see Thompson and McHugh: 2002). Therefore, I believe managing a culture based on Post-bureaucracy doesnot completely undermine the need for bureaucracy. Bureaucracy Dysfunctions and work definition Peter and Waterman argue that bureaucratic organizations: deskilling of work, strict division of labour and strong hierarchy, may lead to monotonous, fatigue and skill rottening, which leads to workers losing interest and adverse productivity. The solution to this was provided by Dickson and Roethlisberger in their human relations theory in which they argued that management should develop a culture which is concerned towards workers needs, soul, believes, and values. Work, as defined by Watson certain effort and commitment offered by the employee to the employer in return for monetary and other rewards(Watson: 2006): these other rewards are clearly the autonomy and empowerment, being appreciated for a work well done and so on, as recognized by Mayo also. Therefore a change in the work definition from Webers work-to-rule, to Watsons commitment and effort require the establishment of a more understanding culture. Burawoy(1980) argue that workers have a moral commitment to work ; work p rovides identity, as opposed to Foucault who believes that the instrument of discipline and punishment should be used; where a normal behaviour is described and there is control depending upon the power of individual. Keeping the issue of fatigue and interest in mind, I believe that managers should concentrate on selecting the right person for the right job (see Blau and Schoenherr:1971). Whether a bureaucratic culture is preferred or a lose control one, the right employee type should be chosen to fit in. Perhaps the greatest argument made in favour of bureaucracy is by Weber that it creates an iron cage of rationality; all decisions made are free from sentiments, emotional bias and error, and every action is carried to amplify business success. The question arises, whether it is practical or just an ideology? To be rational one must possess knowledge and understanding of all the relevant information, but no ones knowledge is perfect, so can a rational decision be taken. Simon addressed this as bounded rationality. Bauman(1989) argued that too much concentration on cost effectiveness is dangerous as it may undo value (ethical) judgments. Merton(1949) argued that it might be the case that rules become more important than result, which may lead to inefficiency, as thought by Blau(1955), who feared that trade unions may set up an agreement of work to rule only. Ritzer(2000) argued that bureaucracy has dehumanizing effect (see The McDonaldization of Society), which is unethical. However, all of these arguments are ignored by Du Gay(2000) who says that bureaucracy protects against unfairness. Although bureaucratic organizations may set up strict obedience to rule and formal communication channels but Whyte(1943) argues who can stop informal channels from existing? These grapevines are disruptive and may cause revolts against management. Weber argues that trust is installed in bureaucratic organizations since everything is known, where as in case of Post bureaucracies a sudden change of attitude maybe seen with suspicion contradicting Morgan and Sayers views(1988), who believe in the opposite. Management attitude and relevance to Taylorism McGregor argued that how culture is managed depends to a large extend on what is expected of the employees: management perceptions about their employees. If managers believe that workers are loyal, see work as natural and use their own initiative(Theory Y), then he might set a loose culture with more autonomy. If however, managers believe workers are lazy and need to be urged and pushed to work then a work to rule(Theory X) atmosphere may be preferred. Child(1984) thought bureaucratic organizations have close relevance to Taylorism: dehumanizing work, economic man and master knows all, but, the important point to note is that it was only successful in old less competitive times. With the emergence of flexible firms (Atkinson: 1984) and networks this becomes more of an ideology. New management styles and normative control Peter and Waterman in their literature argue that managers should move from being bureaucrats to more creative and flexible. Clarke and Newman (see Clarke, John and Newman: 1993) further suggest that managers should : Have a visionary quality : inspiration for staff Be peoples centered: encourage employee contributions Be customer centered: dynamic to adapt to market changes Manage culture: not by creating rule focused/bureaucratic organizations that inhibit flexibility but creating loose tight organizations, giving way to centralization and decentralization as argued by Peter: an essential factor in leadership à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.is to influence and organize meaning for the members of organization(Bennis and Nanus:1985). Kunda High Technologies studies and Etzionis work argues about normative control, where employees character should be taken over rather than his work; shape behaviour in purposive way( Lammers :1981). Creation of a family culture will encourage worker to give his every effort for the success of the work; culture fosters success(Deal and Kennedy:1982). By creating a playful environment, managers can control the personal life of employees and mold their actions to obtain desired work behaviour. However there are sinister and aggressive sides of normative control: marriage failures and poor health may drag down the productivity and image of the company (see culture control and culture management: 2000). Conclusion Bureaucracy has certain advantages interms of stability, rationality and planning, and so does the development of a strong formal culture based on worker autonomy and entrepreneurship. Fletcher Byrom argued make sure you generate a reasonable number of mistakes, which is considered to very important by Peter and Waterman, who argue that successful companies need to innovate , carry out research and develop loose tight properties. I believe that much depends on the type and size of business: a large firm comprising of several thousands of employees, it would be time consuming and disruptive to give autonomy and might cause rivalry and conflict: preferring bureaucracy. Incase of delayered globalised firms like multinationals, networks and flexible firms, culture management and empowerment is required. Furthermore, due to variation in human nature who can be sure which factor is a motivator? Whether autonomy and establishment of a strong culture actually facilitates motivation or causes disparity between formal and informal culture as in Disney. Whether employees take pride in empowerment, as thought by Berggen or are too shy, afraid and lazy to take responsibility? Some argue that PBO is not a new concept but merely a redefinition of old bureaucracy: it has driven out of bureaucracy. As Smiricich argues organization is a culture, I believe that bureaucracy and culture management are not the alternatives for each other, but, should be used simultaneously and interchangeably to boost progress, depending upon the situation; Peter and watermans claim for simultaneous loose-tight properties.